乌头类中药炮制方法及质量控制研究进展摘要:乌头类中药在中医临床具有悠久的历史和显著的疗效，主要包括附子、川乌、草乌三种，其中附子具有回阳救逆之功，川乌、草乌则长于祛风胜湿止痛。
然而此类中药毒性极强，其主要毒性成分为乌头碱、新乌头碱和次乌头碱，同时也是药效成分，且治疗剂量和中毒剂量相近，因此临床应用的安全性备受关注，一般多为炮制后使用。
深入探讨乌头类中药的炮制方法、炮制对化学成分及毒理药理效应的影响，对于进一步研究开发乌头类中药制剂、指导临床更加安全合理地使用相关中药具有十分重要的意义。
因此，通过查阅近年来的相关文献，本文分别对乌头类中药的炮制历史沿革、药理毒理效应及相关制剂的质量控制现状进行综述，以期为后续实验奠定基础、为临床安全使用乌头类中药提供科学依据。
关键词：乌头类中药；炮制；机理；生物碱；质量控制AbstractAconitum species have a long history and remarkable curative effect in Traditional Chinese Medicine clinic,mainly including two kinds of species, Caowu( Aconitium Kusnezoffii Reichb. ),Chuanwu( Aconitum caimicheali Debx. )and its processed daughter root Fuzi.They are used to treat arthritis, gout, cancer and inflammation.However, this kind of traditional Chinese medicine is extremely toxic, and its main toxic components are aconitine, neoaconitine and hypoaconitine, which are also pharmacodynamic components, and the therapeutic dose is similar to the toxic dose, so the safety of clinical application is of great concern, and most of them are used after processing. It is of great significance to study the processing methods of aconitum and the effects of processing on chemical components , toxicological and pharmacological effects .For further development of aconitum preparations ,we need to guide clinical use of related Chinese medicines in a safer and more rational way. Therefore, by referring to the relevant literatures in recent years, this paper summarized the processing history, pharmacological and toxicological effects of aconitum and the quality control status of related preparations of aconitum in order to lay a foundation for the follow-up experiments and provide a scientific basis for the clinical safe use of aconitum.Keywords: Aconitum ; process of preparing Chinese medicine ; mechanism ; alkaloid ; quality control乌头之名首载于《神农本草经》，列为下品，其性刚烈迅捷，此后历代医家及本草著作均称乌头有毒，用之不当易出现严重的毒副作用。
川乌与草乌入药最早，统称为乌头，后有附子入药[1]。
2015年版中国药典规定[2]：川乌、草乌分别为毛茛科植物乌头Aconitum carmichaeli Debx．的干燥母根、北乌头Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb.的干燥块根，其性热，味辛、苦，有大毒，归心、肝、肾、脾经，具有祛风除湿，温经止痛的功效，用于风寒湿痹，关节疼痛，心腹冷痛，寒疝作痛等症。
附子来源于毛茛科乌头属植物乌头Aconrtum carmichaelii Debx.的子根加工品，性大热，味辛、甘，有毒，归心、肾、脾经，具有回阳救逆，补火助阳，散寒止痛的功效，用于亡阳虚脱，肢冷脉微，心阳不足等症。
乌头类中药化学成分复杂，主要含有生物碱类、挥发油类、黄酮类、多糖类等成分，其中乌头碱型生物碱是目前研究最多的兼具药理活性和毒性的主要成分。
